System for dynamic selection and application of tcp congestion avoidance flavors

ABSTRACT

A system for optimizing network traffic is described. The system includes a packet engine configured to acquire data regarding a flow of a plurality of data packets over a link and to determine transport communication protocol (TCP) characteristics for the flow, and a TCP flavor selector configured to dynamically select a TCP flavor based on the TCP characteristics, where the TCP flavor can be used to modify the flow of data packets over the link. The TCP characteristics dynamically change with time. The TCP flavor selector is further configured to modify the flow using the TCP flavor.

BACKGROUND

A middlebox is a network appliance that manipulates internet traffic byoptimizing data flow across the network. Middleboxes may be configuredas wide area network (“WAN”) optimizers and may be deployed in pairsacross two geographically separated locations to optimize data trafficbetween the two middleboxes. Middleboxes may be connected through asingle link or multiple links such as a leased line link and a broadbandlink.

Middleboxes, such as WAN optimizers, use TCP congestion avoidancealgorithms, commonly called “TCP flavors,” to optimize TCP data flows aspart of a quality of service (“QoS”) scheme. TCP flavors improve qualityof service across TCP connections by avoiding packet loss and connectionfailure due to TCP traffic congestion.

Common examples of TCP avoidance flavors include algorithms such as TCPVegas, TCP Reno, TCP NewReno, TCP Hybla, TCP BIC, and TCP CUBIC, amongothers. Each TCP congestion avoidance flavor is suited for optimizingdata flows originating from or received by particular operating systems,link types, and/or other network characteristics. For example, “CompoundTCP,” the default TCP flavor in a recent Microsoft™ Windows™ operatingsystem uses queuing delay and packet loss as the feedback signal. “CUBICTCP,” the default TCP flavor in many Linux™-based systems uses packetloss as the feedback signal. But a single TCP flavor may not suitmultiple data flow conditions, which can dynamically change with timebased on data flow considerations like packet round trip time (RTT),total packet loss, etc. For example, a link using “TCP flavor A” may besuited for the flow conditions on a static (dedicated/proxied) linkshared between two middlebox appliances. Over time the same link canbecome heavily loaded and congested, and “TCP flavor A” may become apoor choice for the current TCP characteristics. Instead, “TCP flavor B”may be optimal to minimize packet loss, and maximize packet throughputand round trip times. Conventional middlebox appliances, however, cannotselect and apply TCP flavors to an uninterrupted data stream based ondynamically changing network traffic characteristics.

Moreover, some middlebox appliances can host multiple links of the sametype, or a combination of different media ports on the same device, suchas broadband links, leased line links, wireless links, etc. A particularcongestion avoidance flavor may work optimally with a particular linktype and/or with a particular range of bandwidths, but be less thanoptimal with other link types and bandwidths as traffic conditionschange over time.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a system for optimizing network traffic is described,comprising a packet engine configured to acquire data regarding a flowof a plurality of data packets over a link and to determine TCPcharacteristics for the flow. The system can include a TCP flavorselector configured to dynamically select a TCP flavor based on the TCPcharacteristics. The TCP flavor can be used to adjust and/or modify theflow of data packets over the link.

In another aspect, a method for optimizing network traffic is described.The method can include acquiring data regarding a flow of a plurality ofdata packets over a link, determining TCP characteristics for the flow,and selecting a TCP flavor based on the TCP characteristics. The TCPflavor can be used to modify the flow of data packets over the link.

In yet another aspect, a non-transitory computer readable storage mediumis described. The medium stores a set of instructions that areexecutable by at least one processor of an appliance that cause theappliance to perform a method for optimizing network traffic. The methodcan include acquiring TCP characteristics, and dynamically selecting aTCP flavor based on the TCP characteristics. The TCP flavor can be usedto modify the flow of data packets over the link.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings showing exampleembodiments of this disclosure. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary network environment,consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 2A-2B are block diagrams of an exemplary computing device,consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an exemplary appliance illustrated in FIG.1, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a portion of an exemplary applianceillustrated in FIG. 3A, consistent with embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment for selecting a TCPcongestion avoidance flavor, consistent with embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart representing an exemplary method of modifying aflow, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart representing an exemplary method of calculatingTCP characteristics, consistent with embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 7 is a chart representing an exemplary configuration of anapparatus, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodimentsimplemented according to the present disclosure, the examples of whichare illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, thesame reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer tothe same or like parts.

The embodiments described herein provide TCP network quality control bydynamically selecting and applying TCP congestion avoidance flavors toTCP data flows. The TCP congestion avoidance flavor selectionembodiments can avoid or mitigate network congestion and improve theefficiency of the network through data flow optimization.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary network environment 100. Whileexemplary network environment 100 is directed to a virtual networkenvironment, it is appreciated that the network environment can be anytype of network that communicates using packets. Network environment 100can include one or more client devices 102, a public network 104, agateway 106, an appliance 108, a private network 110, a data center 120,and a branch office 140.

One or more client devices 102 are devices that acquire remote servicesfrom data center 120 through various means. Client devices 102 cancommunicate with a data center 120 either directly (e.g., client device102 e) or indirectly through a public network 104 (e.g., client devices102 a-d) or a private network 110 (e.g., client device 1020. When clientdevice 102 communicates through public network 104 or private network110, a communication link is established. For example, a link can beestablished by public network 104, gateway 106, and appliance 108,thereby providing a client device (e.g. client devices 102 a-d) accessto data center 120. A link can also be established by branch office 140including appliance 108″, private network 110, and appliance 108,thereby providing a client device (e.g. client device 1020 access todata center 120. While client devices 102 are portrayed as a computer(e.g., client devices 102 a, 102 e, and 1020, a laptop (e.g., clientdevice 102 b), a tablet (e.g., client device 102 c), and a mobile smartphone (e.g., client device 102 d), it is appreciated that client device102 could be any type of device (e.g., wearable or smart watch) thatcommunicates packets to and from data center 120.

Public network 104 and private network 110 can be any type of networksuch as a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), or ametropolitan area network (MAN). As an example, a WAN can be theInternet or the World Wide Web, and a LAN can be a corporate Intranet.Public network 104 and private network 110 can be a wired network or awireless network.

Gateway 106 is a physical device or is software that is part of aphysical device that interfaces between two networks having differentprotocols. Gateway 106, for example, can be a server, a router, a host,or a proxy server. In some embodiments, gateway 106 can include or becoupled to a firewall separating gateway 106 from public network 104(e.g., Internet). Gateway has the ability to modify signals receivedfrom client device 102 into signals that appliance 108 and/or datacenter 120 can understand and vice versa.

Appliance 108 is a device that optimizes wide area network (WAN) trafficby including, for example, a quality of service (“QoS”) engine. In someembodiments, appliance 108 optimizes other types of network traffic,such as local area network (LAN) traffic, metropolitan area network(MAN) traffic, or wireless network traffic. Appliance 108 can optimizenetwork traffic by, for example, scheduling data packets in anestablished communication link so that the data packets can betransmitted or dropped at a scheduled time and rate. In someembodiments, appliance 108 is a physical device, such as Citrix System'sByteMobile™, Netscaler™, or CloudBridge™. In some embodiments, appliance108 can be a virtual appliance. In some embodiments, appliance can be aphysical device having multiple instances of virtual machines (e.g.,virtual Branch Repeater). In some embodiments, a first appliance (e.g.,appliance 108) works in conjunction with or cooperation with a secondappliance (e.g., appliance 108′) to optimize network traffic. Forexample, the first appliance can be located between the WAN and acorporate LAN (e.g., data center 120), while the second appliance can belocated between a branch office (e.g., branch office 140) and a WANconnection. In some embodiments, the functionality of gateway 106 andappliance 108 can be located in a single physical device. Appliances 108and 108′ can be functionally the same or similar. Moreover, in someembodiments, appliance 108 and gateway 106 can be part of the samedevice. Appliance 108 is further described below corresponding to FIG.3A.

Data center 120 is a central repository, either physical or virtual, forthe storage, management, and dissemination of data and informationpertaining to a particular public or private entity. Data center 120 canbe used to house computer systems and associated components, such as oneor physical servers, virtual servers, and storage systems. Data center120 can include, among other things, one or more servers (e.g., server122) and a backend system 130. In some embodiments data center 120 caninclude gateway 106, appliance 108, or a combination of both.

Server 122 is an entity represented by an IP address and can exist as asingle entity or a member of a server farm. Server 122 can be a physicalserver or a virtual server. In some embodiments, server 122 can includea hardware layer, an operating system, and a hypervisor creating ormanaging one or more virtual machines. Server 122 provides one or moreservices to an endpoint. These services include providing one or moreapplications 128 to one or more endpoints (e.g., client devices 102 a-for branch office 140). For example, applications 128 can includeMicrosoft Windows™-based applications and computing resources.

Desktop delivery controller 124 is a device that enables delivery ofservices, such as virtual desktops 126 to client devices (e.g., clientdevices 102 a-f or branch office 140). Desktop delivery controller 124provides functionality required to manage, maintain, and optimize allvirtual desktop communications.

In some embodiments, the services include providing one or more virtualdesktops 126 that can provide one or more applications 128. Virtualdesktops 126 can include hosted shared desktops allowing multiple userto access a single shared Remote Desktop Services desktop, virtualdesktop infrastructure desktops allowing each user to have their ownvirtual machine, streaming disk images, a local virtual machine,individual applications (e.g., one or more applications 128), or acombination thereof.

Backend system 130 is a single or multiple instances of computernetworking hardware, appliances, or servers in a server farm or a bankof servers and interfaces directly or indirectly with server 122. Forexample, backend system 130 can include Microsoft Active Directory™,which can provide a number of network services, including lightweightdirectory access protocol (LDAP) directory services, Kerberos-basedauthentication, domain name system (DNS) based naming and other networkinformation, and synchronization of directory updates amongst severalservers. Backend system 130 can also include, among other things, anOracle™ backend server, a SQL Server backend, and/or a dynamic hostconfiguration protocol (DHCP). Backend system 130 can provide data,services, or a combination of both to data center 120, which can thenprovide that information via varying forms to client devices 102 orbranch office 140.

Branch office 140 is part of a local area network (LAN) that is part ofthe WLAN having data center 120. Branch office 140 can include, amongother things, appliance 108′ and remote backend 142. In someembodiments, appliance 108′ can sit between branch office 140 andprivate network 110. As stated above, appliance 108′ can work withappliance 108. Remote backend 142 can be set up in similar manner asbackend system 130 of data center 120. Client device 102 f can belocated on-site to branch office 140 or can be located remotely frombranch office 140.

Appliances 108 and 108′ and gateway 106 can be deployed as or executedon any type and form of specific computing device (e.g., such as thecomputing device of FIGS. 2A-2B) capable of communicating on any typeand form of network described herein. Appliances 108 and 108′ can bedeployed individually or as a pair operatively connected together.

As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, each computing device 200 includes a centralprocessing unit (CPU) 221 and a main memory 222. CPU 221 can be anylogic circuitry that responds to and processes instructions fetched fromthe main memory 222. CPU 221 can be a single or multiplemicroprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or digitalsignal processors (DSPs) capable of executing particular sets ofinstructions stored in a memory (e.g., main memory 222) or cache (e.g.,cache 240). The memory includes a tangible and/or non-transitorycomputer-readable medium, such as a flexible disk, a hard disk, a CD-ROM(compact disk read-only memory), MO (magneto-optical) drive, a DVD-ROM(digital versatile disk read-only memory), a DVD-RAM (digital versatiledisk random-access memory), flash drive, flash memory, registers,caches, or a semiconductor memory. Main memory 222 can be one or morememory chips capable of storing data and allowing any storage locationto be directly accessed by CPU 221. Main memory 222 can be any type ofrandom access memory (RAM), or any other available memory chip capableof operating as described herein. In the exemplary embodiment shown inFIG. 2A, CPU 221 communicates with main memory 222 via a system bus 250.Computing device 200 can also include a visual display device 224 and aninput/output (I/O) device 230 (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, or pointingdevice) connected through I/O controller 223, both of which communicatevia system bus 250. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciatethat CPU 221 can also communicate with memory 222 and other devices inmanners other than through system bus 250, such as through serialcommunication manners or point-to-point communication manners.Furthermore, I/O device 230 can also provide storage and/or aninstallation medium for the computing device 200.

FIG. 2B depicts an embodiment of an exemplary computing device 200 inwhich CPU 221 communicates directly with main memory 222 via a memoryport 203. CPU 221 can communicate with a cache 240 via a secondary bus(not shown), sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In some otherembodiments, CPU 221 can communicate with cache 240 via system bus 250.Cache 240 typically has a faster response time than main memory 222. Insome embodiments, such as the embodiment shown in FIG. 2B, CPU 221 cancommunicate directly with I/O device 230 via an I/O port (not shown). Infurther embodiments, I/O device 230 can be a bridge 270 between systembus 250 and an external communication bus, such as a USB bus, an AppleDesktop Bus, an RS-232 serial connection, a SCSI bus, a FireWire™ bus, aFireWire 800™ bus, an Ethernet bus, an AppleTalk™ bus, a GigabitEthernet bus, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode bus, a HIPPI bus, a SuperHIPPI bus, a SerialPlus bus, a SCI/LAMP bus, a FibreChannel™ bus, or aSerial Attached small computer system interface bus, or some other typeof data bus.

As shown in FIG. 2A, computing device 200 can support any suitableinstallation device 216, such as a disk drive or other input port forreceiving one or more computer-readable media such as, for example, aUSB device, flash drive, SD memory card; a hard-drive; or any otherdevice suitable for installing software and programs such as any clientagent 220, or portion thereof. Computing device 200 can further comprisea storage device 228, such as one or more hard disk drives or redundantarrays of independent disks, for storing an operating system and otherrelated software, and for storing application software programs such asany program related to client agent 220. Optionally, any of theinstallation devices 216 could also be used as storage device 228.

Furthermore, computing device 200 can include a network interface 218 tointerface to a LAN, WAN, MAN, or the Internet through a variety of linkincluding, but not limited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WANlinks (e.g., 802.11, T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25), broadband link (e.g., ISDN,Frame Relay, ATM), wireless connections (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-Wave,Zigbee), or some combination of any or all of the above. Networkinterface 218 can comprise a built-in network adapter, network interfacecard, PCMCIA network card, card bus network adapter, wireless networkadapter, USB network adapter, modem or any other device suitable forinterfacing computing device 200 to any type of network capable ofcommunication and performing the operations described herein.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an exemplary appliance 108 and/or 108′illustrated in FIG. 1, consistent with embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Appliance 108 can include one or more network interfaces218A-N consistent with network interface 218 of FIG. 2A, a QoS engine310, one or more packet engines 320, one or more TCP congestionavoidance flavor selectors 322 (hereafter “TCP flavor selector 322” or“flavor selector 322”), one or more network traffic detectors 330, apolicy engine 346, and a cache/cache manager 350. Although FIG. 2Adepicts network interfaces 218A-218N as two network interfaces, it isappreciated that interfaces 218A-218N may include any number of networkinterfaces.

QoS engine 310, which is also referred to as a “QoS controller,” or a“QoS packet scheduler,” can perform one or more optimization (e.g.,Quality of Service “QoS”) techniques, including the application of oneor more TCP congestion avoidance algorithms (“flavors”), etc. QoS engine310 can be one or more modules, which can be one or more packagedfunctional hardware units designed for use with other components or apart of a program that performs a particular function (e.g.,optimization techniques), corresponding to the particular step, ofrelated functions. QoS engine 310 can be configured to improve theperformance, operation, or quality of service of any type of networktraffic. QoS engine 310 can perform these techniques, for example, byusing defined logic, business rules, functions, or operations. In someembodiments, QoS engine 310 performs network traffic optimization andmanagement mechanisms that provide different priorities to differentusers, applications, flows, or links. QoS engine 310 can also control,maintain, or assure a certain level of performance to a user,application, flow, or connection. QoS engine 310 can direct packetengine 320 to perform any or all steps for performing a dynamic TCPflavor selection using one or more TCP characteristics. For example, QoSengine 310 can control, maintain, or assure a certain portion ofbandwidth or network capacity of a communication link for a user,application, one or more flows, or links, collect data in connectionwith one or more flows and links, analyze the collected data, select aTCP flavor suitable for avoiding TCP traffic congestion on the one ormore flows.

In some embodiments, QoS engine 310 can monitor the achieved level ofperformance or the quality of service (e.g., the data rate and delay)corresponding to a user, application, and/or flow, or link, and thendynamically control or adjust one or more TCP characteristics inconnection with sending and receiving data packets to achieve thedesired level of performance or quality of service. QoS engine 310 candirect one or more packet engines 320 to perform some or all of thesteps according to exemplary embodiments disclosed herein. For example,QoS engine 310 coordinates the acquisition and delivery of TCPcharacteristics between TCP flavor selector 322 and packet engine 320.

Packet engines 320, which is also referred to as a “packet processingengine,” a “packet processor,” or a “data processor,” is responsible forcontrolling and managing the processing of data packets received andtransmitted by appliance 108 via network interfaces 218A-N. Packetengine 320 can be one or more modules, which can be one or more packagedfunctional hardware units designed for use with other components or apart of a program that performs a particular function (e.g., controllingand managing the processing of data packets), corresponding to theparticular step, of related functions. Packet engine 320 can be embodiedas a single packet engine or any number of a plurality of packet enginesthat can operate at the data link layer (layer 2), network layer (layer3), or the transport layer (layer 4) of a network stack (e.g., such asthe layers and protocols of the Open System Interconnectioncommunications model). Packet engine can be configured to accomplishsome or all of the steps described herein after being executed by CPU221 and/or QoS engine 310. In some embodiments, the data packets arecarried over the data link layer via the Ethernet communicationprotocol, which comprise any of the family of WAN or LAN protocols, suchas those protocols covered by the IEEE 802.3. In some embodiments, thenetwork stack can have any type and form of wireless protocols, such asIEEE 802.11 and/or mobile internet protocols. One or more packet engines320 intercept or receive data packets at the network layer, such as viathe IP communication protocol. In some embodiments, packet engine 320intercepts or receives data packets at the transport layer, such as viathe TCP communication protocols, and can operate at any session or anyapplication layer above the transport layer.

Packet engine 320 can include a buffer for queuing one or more datapackets during processing of the data packets. Additionally, packetengine 320 can communicate via one or more communication protocols totransmit and receive a plurality of network data packets across one ormore links via network interfaces 218A-N. The links connect appliance108 to other devices, such as, for example, appliance 108′. Packetengine 320 can be configured to acquire data regarding the flow andstore, the acquired data in an operatively connected computer memory.The sent and received data packets operating across one or more linkscan be considered “data flows” or “flows.” In some embodiments, packetengine 320 sends scheduling requests to QoS engine 310 for scheduling ofdata packets received and stored at packet engines 320. After packetengine 320 receives responses from QoS engine 310, packet engine 320 mayprocess the stored data packets according to their scheduled priorities.Packet engine 320 can calculate one or more TCP characteristics of theflow based on the stored data. Flow characteristics, as discussed infurther detail below, may include a plurality of information such as,for example, packet round trip times and/or the packet loss rate for aparticular data flow, an average queuing delay for the packets sent andreceived across a particular link, and/or congestion window information,among other things.

During operations of appliance 108, packet engine 320 may be interfaced,integrated, and/or be in communication with any portion of appliance108, such as QoS engine 310, TCP flavor selector 322, network trafficdetector 330, policy engine 346, and/or cache manager 350. As such, anyof the logic, functions, or operations of QoS engine 310, TCP flavorselector 322, network traffic detector 330, policy engine 346, and/orcache manager 350 can be performed in conjunction with or in responsiveto packet engine 320. Packet engine 320 may be controlled by and/orexecuted by CPU 221 to perform any operation described herein, eitherdirectly, via policy engine 346, or another operatively configuredmodule.

One or more TCP congestion avoidance flavor selectors 322 may beconfigured to send and receive flow information from packet engine 320,and/or QoS engine 310. TCP flavor selector 322 may be configured toacquire one or more TCP characteristics from packet engine 320 andselect a TCP flavor based on the TCP characteristics. TCP flavorselector 322 can be one or more modules, which can be one or morepackaged functional software and/or hardware units designed for use withother components or a part of a program that performs a particularfunction (e.g., acquire one or more TCP characteristics from packetengine 320 and select a TCP flavor based on the TCP characteristics),corresponding to the particular step, of related functions.

Because the TCP characteristics change with time, and may change in realtime during the TCP flavor selection process, the selection is said tobe “dynamic.” Flow characteristics may include characteristics thatchange with time, such as, for example, packet round trip times and/orthe packet loss rate for a particular data flow, an average queuingdelay for the packets sent and received across a particular link, and/orcongestion window information.

Dynamic selection of a TCP flavor may include acquiring and/or receivingone or more TCP characteristics containing information regarding theflow operating across an operatively connected TCP link, selecting a TCPflavor dynamically (without interrupting the TCP data flow), andapplying the TCP flavor to the data flow (without interrupting the TCPdata flow). The information acquired and/or received by TCP flavorselector 322 may also include “static” input regarding the link itself,such as, for example, the link type (dedicated link, broadband link,etc.) and/or the link bandwidth. According to some embodiments, linktype and bandwidth are “static” because they do not (usually) changewith time. In some embodiments, both static information and dynamicinformation are input into TCP flavor selector 322. TCP flavor selector322 may select one or more TCP flavors based on both of the static anddynamic inputs.

One or more network traffic detectors 330 can include any logic,business rules, functions, or operations for automatically detecting thetype of network traffic corresponding to data packets acquired by packetengines 320. As described above, packet engine 320 send, receive andstore data packets from any type of network traffic, such as datapackets from any communication protocols including WAN, MAN, LAN, andwireless communication protocols. In some embodiments, not all networktraffic is optimized by QoS engine 310. For example, QoS engine 310 canbe used to optimize the WAN traffic, but not the LAN traffic or trafficdirected to management. Network traffic detectors 330 can detect thetype of network traffic received at packet engines 320 by any availabletechniques, such as by using IP addresses. Network traffic detectors 330can also determine a link type, a bandwidth, and/or othercharacteristics associated with one or more flows. Traffic detector 330can be one or more modules, which can be one or more packaged functionalhardware units designed for use with other components or a part of aprogram that performs a particular function (e.g., acquire one or moreTCP characteristics from packet engine 320 and select a TCP flavor basedon the TCP characteristics), corresponding to the particular step, ofrelated functions.

Appliance 108 can also include a policy engine 346, also referred to asa policy controller or a policy provider. Policy engine 346 can includeany logic, function, or operations for providing and applying one ormore policies or rules to the function, operation, or configuration ofany portion of the appliance 108. In some embodiments, policy engine 346provides a configuration mechanism to allow a user to identify, specify,define, or configure a policy for appliance 108, or any portion thereof.For example, policy engine 346 can provide a predefined trafficoptimization configuration policy including the number of priorities,the priorities associated with each service class, the number ofconnections allowed under each service class, link bandwidthconfiguration, and any other policy information. Policy engine 346 canalso provide policies for what data to cache, when to cache the data,for whom to cache the data, when to expire an object in cache, or whento refresh the cache. Policy engine 346 can also include any logic,rules, functions, or operations for determining and providing access,control, and management of data packets received and stored by packetengine 320. Policy engine 346 can also include any logic, rules,functions, or operations for determining and providing access, controland management of security, network traffic, network access,compression, or any other function or operation performed by appliance108. Policy engine 346 can be one or more modules, which can be one ormore packaged functional hardware units designed for use with othercomponents or a part of a program that performs a particular function(e.g., provide information in connection with an active link),corresponding to the particular step, of related functions

Cache manager 350 can include software, hardware, or any combination ofsoftware and hardware to store data, information, and objects to a cachein memory or storage; to provide cache access; and to control and managethe cache. The data, objects, or content processed and stored by cachemanager 350 can include data in any format, such as a six-byte MACaddress, a TCP data packet, or any type of data communicated via anycommunication protocol. Examples of types of data may include, forexample, one or more TCP characteristics including information inconnection with packet loss rates, queuing delays, flow congestion,sizes of congestion windows, bandwidth of one or more links, averageround trip times, etc. Cache manager 350 can duplicate original datastored in a slow-access storage and store the data in a fast-accesscache memory, such as cache 240. After the data is stored in the cache,future use can be made by accessing the cached copy rather thanrefetching or recomputing the original data, thereby reducing the accesstime. In some embodiments, the cache can comprise a data object inmemory of the appliance 108. In some embodiments, the cache can compriseany type and form of storage element of the appliance 108, such as aportion of a hard disk. In some embodiments, as described above, theprocessing unit of the device, such as CPU 221, can provide cache memoryfor use by cache manager 350. Cache manager 350 can use any portion andcombination of main memory 222, storage 228, or CPU 221 for cachingdata, objects, and other content. Cache manager 350 can comprise anytype of general purpose processor (GPP), or any other type of integratedcircuit, such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), ProgrammableLogic Device (PLD), or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).Cache manager 350 can be one or more modules, which can be one or morepackaged functional hardware units designed for use with othercomponents or a part of a program that performs a particular function,corresponding to the particular step, of related functions

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a portion of exemplary appliance 108illustrated in FIG. 3A, consistent with embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In some embodiments, the operating system of appliance 108allocates, manages, or otherwise segregates the available system memoryinto what is referred to as kernel space (system space) and user space(application space). The kernel space is typically reserved for runningthe kernel, including any device drivers, kernel extensions, or otherkernel related software. The kernel can be the core of the operatingsystem, and provides access, control, and management of resources andhardware-related elements of the appliance 108. In accordance with someembodiments of the appliance 108, the kernel space can also include anumber of network services or processes working in conjunction with QoSengine 310, packet engine 320, TCP flavor selector 322, or any portionthereof. Additionally, the embodiments of the kernel can depend on theoperating system installed, configured, or otherwise used by appliance108.

User space is the memory area or portion of the operating system used byuser mode applications or programs otherwise running in user mode. Auser mode application cannot access kernel space directly and usesservice calls to access kernel services. The operating system uses theuser space for executing or running applications and provisioning ofuser level programs, services, processes, and/or tasks. As an example,the operating system can execute software of network interfaces 218A-Nin the user space.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment for selecting a TCPcongestion avoidance flavor 440, consistent with embodiments of thepresent disclosure. As described above, TCP flavor selector 322 can beconfigured to receive both static input 410 and dynamic input 420.Static input 410 can include one or more TCP characteristics 430 thatcan include information in connection with an active flow 450. TCPcharacteristics 430 can include information including one or more packetloss rates, one or more queuing delays, information indicative of flowcongestion, information indicative of one or more congestion windowsizes, a bandwidth of one or more links, and information indicative ofone or more average round trip times for packets in an active flow 450.A flow is “active” when packets are being sent and received across a TCPlink.

According to some embodiments, one or more processors (e.g., CPU 221)execute TCP flavor selector 322. TCP flavor selector 322 may thenreceive dynamic input 420, static input 410, or both, and select a TCPflavor 440 based on the static input 410 and/or dynamic input 420. Forexample, TCP flavor selector can acquire one or more TCP characteristics430 from packet engine 320, acquire link information 412 from networktraffic detector 330, and select a TCP congestion avoidance flavor 440that is used by QoS engine 310 to modify flow 450 using TCP flavor 440.TCP characteristics 430 can constantly change with respect to time,because average round trip times, packet loss rates, queuing delays,and/or other aspects of flow 450 may vary over an interval of time withtraffic congestion. Packet engine 320 may receive the modified flow 450,continually monitor the traffic for a predetermined period of time, andprovide dynamic feedback to TCP flavor selector 322. Although apredetermined period of time may vary based on application, it iscontemplated that packet engine 320 can monitor traffic for periods ofseveral seconds to periods of time spanning several minutes beforecalculating TCP characteristics 430.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart representing an exemplary method 500 of modifyinga flow, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. It willbe readily appreciated that the illustrated procedure can be altered todelete steps or further include additional steps. While method 500 isdescribed as being performed by an appliance (e.g., appliance 108), itis appreciated that method 500 can be performed by other devices aloneor in combination with the appliance.

After an initial start step 510, appliance 108, using for example one ormore packet engines (e.g., packet engine 320), can send and receive aplurality of data packets comprising an active flow that operates acrossa link. At step 515, appliance 108 can execute instructions that causepacket engine 320 to acquire and store data regarding the active flow,and store the data to an operatively connected computer-readable memory.In some embodiments, appliance 108 (via packet engine 320) may directcache manager 350 to perform the active flow data storage.

The data regarding the TCP characteristics includes informationindicative of the operation of the active flow. For example, flow datacan include information indicative of queuing times of packets, packetsend times, packet receive times, round trip times for both sending andreceiving the same packet (or an acknowledgement thereof), informationindicative of the number of packets lost during a predetermined periodof time, a total number of packets sent and received, and/or otherinformation indicative of the congestion and/or operational aspects ofone or more active flows operating across a link.

After appliance 108 acquires and stores data regarding the active flow,it can calculate TCP characteristics. FIG. 6 considers an exemplarycalculation of TCP characteristics.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an exemplary method of determining TCPcharacteristics is described, consistent with embodiments of the presentdisclosure. After an initial starting step 600, appliance 108, via oneor more operatively configured modules, determines information about thelink type, determines information about the flow, and determines aplurality of aspects of the TCP traffic. For example, at step 610,packet engine 320 can determine the static characteristics such as linktype 412 and link bandwidth 413.

At steps 620-640, appliance 108 determines TCP characteristics (e.g.,TCP characteristics 430) by analyzing a plurality of aspects inconnection with a particular flow. For example, at step 620, appliance108 can determine a current congestion window (“cwnd_(current) _(_)_(n)”) for each active flow. A current congestion window gives thecurrent congestion window sizes for each of the active TCP flows.Appliance 108 then calculates the current congestion window for eachcurrent congestion window in the flow (e.g., cwnd_(current) _(_) ₁,cwnd_(current) _(_) ₂, . . . cwnd_(current) _(_) _(n)).

At step 630, appliance 108 determines a total congestion window(“cwnd_(total)”), where

cwnd_(total)=cwnd_(current) _(_) ₁+cwnd_(current) _(_) ₂+ . . .cwnd_(current) _(_) _(n).

The total congestion window provides an approximate value for the totalnumber of packets occupying the link at any given time. While thedetermination of a total congestion window can involve a calculation (asshown above), it is appreciated that the determination can involve othermechanisms, such as using a look-up table. The total congestion windowcalculation is available for a leased line link, because for other linktypes (e.g., broadband), the channel can be shared, and thus, TCPconnections for other networks are also present. According to someembodiments, if appliance 108 evaluates at step 610 that the link typeis not a leased line link, appliance 108 determines round trip time(step 640) and queuing delay (step 650) without considering congestionwindow sizes.

At step 640, appliance 108 evaluates an average round trip time for theplurality of packets recently sent and received by packet engine 320across a particular link. A first step in determining average round triptime for a given interval of time is determining an average bandwidthdelay product (BDP_(avg)) for the plurality of data packets. BDP_(avg)is determined by

BDP_(avg) =B*RTT_(avg),

where B is a bandwidth of the link (e.g., bandwidth 413), and RTT_(avg)is the average round trip time for the plurality of data packetsoperating across the link during the time interval. While thedetermination of the average bandwidth delay product can involve acalculation (as shown above), it is appreciated that the determinationcan involve other mechanisms, such as using a look-up table based oninputs B and RTT_(avg).

According to some embodiments, at step 650, appliance 108 may alsodetermine a queuing delay (d_(q)) for the packets sent and received bypacket engine 320 for flow 450. A value for d_(q) is calculated by:

d _(q)=RTT_(current)−RTT_(low) for d _(q)>0,

where RTT_(current) is the round trip time currently experienced for aparticular flow, and RTT_(low) is the shortest round trip timeexperienced by the plurality of packets sent and received by packetengine 320 during the predetermined time interval. Appliance 108calculates values for d_(q) for each of a plurality of active flows.According to some embodiments, packet engine also calculates an averagequeuing delay (d_(q) _(_) _(avg)), which is an average for all of theactive flows operating across each respective TCP link. While thedetermination of the queuing delay can involve a calculation (as shownabove), it is appreciated that the determination can involve othermechanisms, such as using a look-up table using RTT_(current) andRTT_(low).

According to some embodiments, appliance 108 determines a rate of packetloss for flow 450. A calculation of the rate of packet loss (or someother determination mechanism) can be indicative of the rate ofinformation loss through a particular link during the predetermined timeinterval. For an active link,

packet loss rate=(number of data packets lost*100)/total packets sent.

Accordingly, appliance 108 directs packet engine 320 to calculate flowcharacteristic 430, which includes calculated values for packet lossrate, RTT_(avg), d_(q), d_(q) _(_) _(avg), cwnd_(total), and BDP_(avg).Method 600 completes at end step 660.

Referring again to FIG. 5, after appliance 108 causes packet engine 320to determine TCP characteristics, appliance 108 causes TCP flavorselector 322 to acquire TCP characteristics 430 from packet engine 320(step 530). Although TCP flavor selector 322 is said to acquire the TCPcharacteristic, it is contemplated that packet engine 320 also providesTCP characteristics 430 in response to a request, and/or at some othertime. For example and as previously discussed, TCP characteristics 430dynamically change with respect to time. According to some embodiments,appliance 108 acquires the flow data saved over a predetermined timeinterval (e.g., 10 seconds, 10 minute, 30 minutes, etc.), andcontinually calculates TCP characteristics 430 at each predeterminedinterval. Alternatively, packet engine 320 provides TCP characteristics430 to TCP flavor selector 322 at predetermined intervals.

According to some embodiments, appliance 107 can acquire otherinformation indicative of the link type (e.g., link type 412) acrosswhich the active flows are operating (step 530). In contrast withdynamic input 420, static input (e.g., link type 412 and bandwidth 413)does not change with time. A link type can be, for example, a broadbandlink, a dedicated leased-line link between two dedicated appliances(e.g., 180 and 180′), and/or other types of links across which flow 450operates. Link type 412 can also include information indicative of thelink characteristics, such as bandwidth information. It is contemplatedthat appliance 108 can acquire link type 412 via other modules, such as,for example, network traffic detector 330. At step 540, appliance 108dynamically selects a TCP flavor from a plurality of TCP flavors basedon the flow characteristics 430 and link type 412. TCP flavor selector322 may provide a selected TCP congestion avoidance flavor (e.g., TCPcongestion avoidance flavor 440) to a QoS engine (e.g., QoS engine 310)in real-time based on both static and dynamic characteristics of thecurrently traffic and the connection.

At step 550, appliance 108 can cause QoS engine 310 to modify the flowusing, among other things, the selected TCP flavor 440 and link type.According to some embodiments, at step 550 QoS engine 310 optimizesapparatus 108 by modifying the flow. According to other exemplaryembodiments, appliance 108 modifies more than one active flow using aplurality of dynamically selected TCP flavors, where each of theselected TCP flavors are based on the dynamically changing flowcharacteristics respective to each flow. The plurality of modified flowscan be operating across one or multiple links.

From the implementation point of view, since some embodiments areconfigured to dynamically change the TCP flavor for all the activeconnections on the fly (e.g., in real time without interrupting the TCPflows), appliance 108 can be configured to simultaneously run apredetermined number of TCP flavors of TCP congestion avoidancealgorithms in the background. In some aspects, a simple software switchcan select and apply the optimal TCP congestion avoidance flavor for anyactive flow on the fly. For example, appliance 108 can be configured tofeed the input to the TCP implementation for the optimal flavor.Embodiments described herein describe some exemplary ways to switchacross different TCP flavors. It is appreciated that other methods forTCP flavor software switching are possible.

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary configuration of appliance 108 consistentwith embodiments of the present disclosure. Appliance 108 can beconfigured to consider operational aspects of each TCP link via thestatic and dynamic characteristics for each link. For example, packetengine 320 can determine whether the total congestion window(cwnd_(total)) is greater than the average bandwidth delay product(BDP_(avg)), and select a TCP flavor based, at least in part, on thecomparison. Accordingly, appliance 108 may cause flavor selector 322 tooutput a TCP flavor 440 for each of a plurality of link types (e.g.,link type 412) based on the operational aspects of the TCP links.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments have been described withreference to numerous specific details that can vary from implementationto implementation. Certain adaptations and modifications of thedescribed embodiments can be made. Other embodiments can be apparent tothose skilled in the art from consideration of the specification andpractice of the embodiments disclosed herein. It is intended that thespecification and examples be considered as exemplary only. It is alsointended that the sequence of steps shown in figures are only forillustrative purposes and are not intended to be limited to anyparticular sequence of steps. As such, those skilled in the art canappreciate that these steps can be performed in a different order whileimplementing the same method.

1-29. (canceled)
 30. A method comprising: receiving, by a deviceintermediary to a plurality of clients and a plurality of servers, aflow of a plurality of data packets over a link between the device and asecond device; determining, by the device, characteristics of a firsttype of transport layer protocol for the flow of data packets;identifying, by the device, a type of the link and bandwidth of thelink; selecting, by a selector of the device responsive to thecharacteristics of the first type of transport layer protocol, the typeof the link and the bandwidth of the link, a second type of transportlayer protocol for the flow of data packets; and changing, by the deviceresponsive to the selecting, from using the first type of transportlayer protocol to the second type of transport layer protocol for theflow of data packets.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the device isfurther configure to use a plurality of different types of transportlayer protocols, the plurality of different types of transport layerprotocols comprising the first type of transport layer protocol and thesecond type of transport layer protocol.
 32. The method of claim 30,wherein each of the plurality of different types of transport layerprotocols comprises a different congestion avoidance algorithm.
 33. Themethod of claim 30, wherein determining characteristics of the firsttype of transport layer protocol further comprises determining a rate ofpacket loss.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein determiningcharacteristics of the first type of transport layer protocol furthercomprises determining an average delay of packets.
 35. The method ofclaim 30, wherein determining characteristics of the first type oftransport layer protocol further comprises determining an averagequeuing delay.
 36. The method of claim 30, wherein determiningcharacteristics of the first type of transport layer protocol furthercomprises determining a current congestion window.
 37. The method ofclaim 36, further comprising determining that the current congestionwindow is greater than an average bandwidth delay product.
 38. Themethod of claim 30, wherein identifying the type of the link furthercomprises identifying the type of link as one of leased or broadband.39. The method of claim 30, further comprising selecting, by theselector, a different type of transport layer protocol from a pluralityof types of transport layer protocols to use for a second flow of datapackets responsive to characteristics of a current transport layerprotocol of the second flow, a type of a second link and a bandwidth ofthe second link
 40. A system comprising: a device intermediary to aplurality of clients and a plurality of servers and configured to:receive a flow of a plurality of data packets over a link between thedevice and a second device; determine characteristics of a first type oftransport layer protocol for the flow of data packets; identify a typeof the link and bandwidth of the link; a selector of the deviceconfigured to, responsive to the characteristics of the first type oftransport layer protocol, the type of the link and the bandwidth of thelink to select a second type of transport layer protocol for the flow ofdata packets; and wherein the device, responsive to the selection, isconfigured to change to using the second type of transport layerprotocol for the flow of data packets.
 41. The system of claim 40,wherein the device is further configured to use a plurality of differenttypes of transport layer protocols, the plurality of different types oftransport layer protocols comprising the first type of transport layerprotocol and the second type of transport layer protocol.
 42. The systemof claim 40, wherein each of the plurality of different types oftransport layer protocols comprises a different congestion avoidancealgorithm.
 43. The system of claim 40, wherein the device is furtherconfigured to determine a rate of packet loss for characteristics of thefirst type of transport layer protocol.
 44. The system of claim 40,wherein the device is further configured to determine an average delayof packets for characteristics of the first type of transport layerprotocol.
 45. The system of claim 40, wherein the device is furtherconfigured to determine an average queuing delay for characteristics ofthe first type of transport layer protocol.
 46. The system of claim 40,wherein the device is further configured to determine a currentcongestion window for characteristics of the first type of transportlayer protocol.
 47. The system of claim 46, wherein the device isfurther configured to determine that the current congestion window isgreater than an average bandwidth delay product.
 48. The system of claim40, wherein the type of the link comprises one of leased or broadband.49. The system of claim 40, wherein the selector is further configuredto select a different type of transport layer protocol from a pluralityof types of transport layer protocols to use for a second flow of datapackets responsive to characteristics of a current transport layerprotocol of the second flow, a type of a second link and a bandwidth ofthe second link.